Congressman Rankin's unsuccessful attempt to exclude Black men from VA unemployment insurance exemplified the inequitable distribution of benefits. Resistance to the discriminatory practices of the GI Bill was observed across the country, from the South to the North.
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Furthermore, there were reports of Southern postmasters refusing to deliver the necessary forms for Black veterans to apply for unemployment benefits.
Despite protests from Black veterans and civil rights groups demanding equal treatment, including Black representation in the VA and non-discriminatory loans, the racial disparities in the implementation of the GI Bill persisted.
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Intimidation tactics were also employed to deter Black veterans from accessing GI Bill benefits. Instances of violence, such as the rock-throwing incident in Chicago, along with attacks and lynchings targeted at Black veterans, created an atmosphere of fear and hostility.
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VA job counselors often steered African American veterans towards vocational training instead of university education, reinforcing the belief that black Americans were only suited for menial labor.
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Although the GI Bill itself did not explicitly exclude Black-American veterans, systemic discrimination at the structural level often limited the benefits to white men. The implementation of the program, managed by the predominantly white Veterans Administration (VA) closely affiliated with the pro-segregation American Legion, further perpetuated racial disparities.
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At local United States Employment Service job centers, Black veterans encountered discrimination from white counselors who consistently directed them towards unskilled jobs, despite their military training in trades such as carpentry, electricity, mechanics, or welding. In Mississippi, white veterans secured the majority of skilled and semiskilled positions, while Black veterans were relegated to filling unskilled and service-oriented roles.
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Black veterans faced numerous challenges in accessing and benefiting from the GI Bill. One major obstacle was the denial of benefits due to a lack of honorable discharge, a disproportionately common issue for Black veterans compared to their white counterparts. Even for those who did qualify, finding suitable facilities that fulfilled the promises of the bill was a struggle.
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Rankin stalled to a deadlock. However, the deadlock was broken when the American Legion tracked down a Congressman who had left his proxy vote with Rankin and flew him to Washington. Finally, Roosevelt signed the Servicemen's Readjustment Act into law in June 1944, during the D-Day offensive.
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Congressman Rankin successfully pushed for the GI Bill to be administered by individual states rather than the federal government. He even attempted to weaken a provision that entitled all veterans to $20 a week of unemployment compensation for a year, which would have been a significant gain for Black Southerners.
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Drawing from previous tactics used to limit assistance to Black individuals during the New Deal, the Southern Democrats manipulated the drafting of the law to predominantly benefit white Americans.
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Southern Democrats, led by Congressman John Rankin, who was known for his vehement racism, ensured that the benefits of the GI Bill would be administered at the state level. They aimed to prevent returning Black veterans from leveraging public sympathy for veterans to advocate against Jim Crow laws.
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Black veterans, like their white counterparts, sought VA-guaranteed low-interest mortgages and loans to establish homes and businesses. Although the GI Bill provided low-interest mortgages and loans, the VA could only cosign, not guarantee them. This allowed white-run financial institutions to freely deny mortgages and loans to Black individuals.
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