Firefox

In my opinion, the closest is Container Tabs, although it does do more than the Chrome feature: https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/multi-account-containers/
(I also personally assume that this inspired/prompted the Chrome feature.)

The difference is that Container Tabs is actually a privacy-enhancing feature, by not sharing your Cookies and similar between Containers.
This also allows you to log into the same webpage with two different accounts (from two different Containers).
The downside is of course, though, that you will potentially have to log into webpages multiple times, even though you might only want to group your tabs.

With normal style tabs idk, but you I recommend you give a tree style tabs plugin a try (TreeTabs is the best imo)

Simple Tab Groups is a really powerful add-on that does a lot of stuff, but maybe tree style tabs is closer to what you're looking for. Aesthetically, I'm not aware of any add-on that makes your tabs bar look like that

It sure is interesting, though I wouldn't use it. IMO when you need to group tabs, you're trying to do too many things at once and you should close them.