PopOS had optional disk encryption when you install it, not sure about other distros though
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No. They are not encrypted by default on all distros that I am aware of.
Debian allows setting up disk encryption during install for example. Never heard of VeraCrypt, I don't think that's popular on Linux. The relevant under the hood parts if you're interested in how it works on Linux are:
- dm-crypt: Linux kernel feature for accessing encrypted partitions
- Luks: A header format / standard for encrypted partitions
- cryptsetup: command line tool to set up and manage all this
you must've downloaded the wrong VeraCrypt pogram. Download one for your Linux system after deleting the one you have now.
No, VeraCrypt only offers full-disk encryption on Windows
VeraCrypt can encrypt entire disks on Linux but, as far as I've seen, nobody has done the work to make Linux boot from a VeraCrypt volume. In theory it should be possible the same as it is with LUKS, though - someone would just need to write the scripts to build an initrd that decrypts a veracrypt partition and calls pivot_root.