I also have a masters in math and completed all coursework for a PhD. Infinitesimals never came up because they're not part of standard foundations for analysis. I'd be shocked if they were addressed in any formal capacity in your curriculum, because why would they be? It can be useful to think in terms of infinitesimals for intuition but you should know the difference between intuition and formalism.

I didn't say "infinitesimals don't have a consistent algebra." I'm familiar with NSA and other systems admitting infinitesimal-like objects. I said they're not standard. They aren't.

If you want to use differential forms to define 1D calculus, rather than a NSA/infinitesimal approach, you'll eventually realize some of your definitions are circular, since differential forms themselves are defined with an implicit understanding of basic calculus. You can get around this circular dependence but only by introducing new definitions that are ultimately less elegant than the standard limit-based ones.